Question Discussion & Solution

Concept-

• When the functioning of one or more organs or systems of the body is adversely affected, characterized by various signs and symptoms, we say that we are not healthy, i.e., we have a disease.
• Diseases can be broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious.
• Diseases that are easily transmitted from one person to another, are called infectious diseases.
• Infectious diseases are very common and every one of us suffers from these at some time or other. Some of the infectious diseases like AIDS are fatal.
• Non-infectious disease cancer is the major cause of death.

Important Points

• Hepatitis B is a liver disease that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
• The virus is known to interfere with the functions of the liver and cause pathological damage.
• It can be both acute or chronic disease.
• HBV is spread by contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person.

Explanation-

• Human beings have been abusing the water bodies around the world by disposing of them all kinds of waste.
• We tend to believe that water can wash away everything not taking cognizance of the fact that the water bodies are our lifeline as well as that of all other living organisms.
• Sewage from our homes as well as from hospitals is likely to contain many undesirable pathogenic microorganisms.
• Its disposal into the water without proper treatment may cause an outbreak of serious diseases, such as dysentery, typhoid, jaundice, cholera, etc.

Therefore Hepatitis-B is not a contaminated water disease.

Mistake Points

• Jaundice and Hepatitis B are not the same.
• Hepatitis B is a disease, while jaundice is a symptom.
• Jaundice symptom can be caused by many different reasons and Hepatitis B is just one of them. It can also be caused due to contaminated water.

Additional Information

Jaundice

• Jaundice can spread through contaminated water.
• It is a disease caused due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and blood tissues.
• The disease causes yellowish discoloration of the skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes. 
• It is common in newborn babies because the newborn’s liver is not fully developed.
• Symptoms of Jaundice are fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, drowsiness, vomiting, etc.

Cholera

• Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated.
• It is caused due to the consumption of contaminated food or water.
• The provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to control the transmission of cholera and other waterborne diseases.
• It is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera.
• People may feel pain in their abdomen, nausea, vomiting, or watery Diarrhoea.
•  

Least possible diagram is:

I. Some nice are rich → True

II. Some bad are nice → False (Possible but not definite)

III. All poor are nice → False (Possible but not definite)

 Indus Valley Civilization

• Indus Valley Civilization was one of those early urban civilizations that were originated in 2300 BC and were developed in the river basins of Sutlej, Ravi, and Indus.
• Indus Valley Civilization peoples cultivate many crops such as Barley, Wheat, Melon seeds, and oil crops like Sesame, Mustard, and Dates. These were traded by farmers with other people. 
• The most typical Indus seal is square, with a set of symbols along the top, an animal in the centre, and one or more symbols at the bottom.  

Seals

• The unicorn is the most common motif on Indus seals and appears to represent a mythical animal that Greek and Roman sources trace back to the Indian subcontinent. A relatively long inscription of eight symbols runs along the top of the seal. Hence option 3 is correct.

 Additional Informationhttps://www.harappa.com/indus/25.html#:~:text=The%20unicorn%20is%20the%20most,the%20top%20of%20the%20seal.

• Archaeologists have discovered thousands of seals, mostly made of steatite, and occasionally of agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta, with beautiful figures of animals, such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc.
• The realistic rendering of these animals in various moods is remarkable. The purpose of producing seals was mainly commercial.
• It appears that the seals were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their owners, perhaps as modern-day identity cards. The standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, made from steatite.
• Every seal is engraved in a pictographic script which is yet to be deciphered. Some seals have also been found in ivory.
• They all bear a great variety of motifs, most often of animals including those of the bull, with or without the hump, the elephant, tiger, goat and also monsters.

There are three basic units of a computer system:

1. Input Unit: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light pen, Trackball etc.
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Output Unit: Monitor and Printer

Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the most important unit, where all the processing jobs take place. CPU is the control centre of the computer and hence it is said to be the brain of the computer. CPU has three main components:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It performs all the arithmetic operations like addition (+), multiplication (*), subtraction (-), division (/) on the numerical data directed by the control unit. All the logical operations, like less than (<), greater than (>), equal to (=), not equal to (≠) etc. are also carried out by ALU.
2. Control Unit (CU): It controls and coordinates all the operations taking place in the system. It controls the flow of data and information from one unit to the other.
3. Registers/Memory Unit (MU): To execute a program, data and instructions need to be stored temporarily. This storage is done in the MU. The data and instructions are retrieved from MU by Control Unit for supplying to ALU as when required by the program.
4. Internal bus: To transfer the data

The correct answer is Article 44.

• Article 44 of the Constitution of India is related to the Uniform Civil Code for the citizens.

Key Points

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
  • The Directive Principles of State Policy are described in Articles 36 to 51 in Part IV of the Constitution.
  • They embody the concept of a welfare state.
  • DPSPs are fundamental in the governance of the country.
  • DPSPs are non-equitable.
  • They apply to the Union and State Governments and all other authorities falling within the definition of 'State'.
  • This is a feature borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland.
  • Article 44: To secure a uniform civil code for all citizens throughout the country.

Additional Information

• Article 42: To make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief.
• Article 45: To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.
• Article 40: To organize village Panchayat of function as units of self-government.