Question Discussion & Solution

CONCEPT:

• Electric Power: The rate at which electrical energy is dissipated into other forms of energy is called electrical power i.e.,

\(P = \frac{W}{t} = VI = {I^2}R = \frac{{{V^2}}}{R}\)

Where V = Potential difference, R = Resistance and I = current.

EXPLANATION:

• Mathematically power can be written as,

\(\Rightarrow P = \frac{W}{t} = VI \)

If, W = 1 J and t = 1 sec, then P = 1 watt

• Thus the power of an electric circuit is said to be one watt or 1 ampere - volt if one joule of energy is consumed in one second. Therefore option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is 2012.

Key Points

• POCSO Act: 
  • The POCSO Act was enacted on 19^th June 2012.
  • The full form of POCSO is The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act.
  • Nodal Agency: Ministry of Women and Child Development.
• Objectives: 
  • It protects children below the age of 18 years from sexual violence.
  • It provides relief and rehabilitation as soon as the complaint is made to the Special Juvenile Police.
  • It demands special courts to do speedy disposal of cases committed against the children.
  • It deals with the safeguarding of the interest of the child.

Additional Information

• The POCSO Act is amended in the year 2019.
• According to it, the use of children for pornography can lead to punishment for a minimum of 20 years and maximum life imprisonment.

Important Points

• The Commission for the Protection of Child Rights was established on 5^th March 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.
• Headquarter: New Delhi
• Objective: The main objective of the Commission is to ensure that all laws, policies, programs, and administrative mechanisms are compatible with child rights as defined in the Constitution of India as well as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
• It works under the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
• Appointed by the Central Government.
• Composition: 7 member commission comprises of Chairman and 6 members( 2 women are compulsory).
• The first Chairman of the Commission for Protection of Child Rights was Shanta Sinha (2007-2010).
• The present Chairman of the Commission for Protection of Child Rights is Priyanka Kanoongo (2018).

Key Points

• Microbes belong to diverse organisms – bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses.
• Microbes influence man's life in several ways- they are found in clothes, jams, shoes, dead wood, food products, soil, etc.
• Spore Formation is a method in asexual reproduction.
• Spore formation can be seen in the bread mold / Rhizopus.
• The presence of sugar and carbohydrate on bread provides proper conditions for spore formation. 

Rhizopus is the correct option. 

Additional Information

• Yeast is used as a fermentation agent in the bakery (bread industry) and brewery (wine industry). So, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also called “Baker’s yeast”.
• Wart disease is caused by the fungus Synchytrium endobioticum. 
• Aspergillus is a Fungus genus that belongs to the class Ascomycetes or the sac fungi.

The correct answer is Liver.

Key Points

• Excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks causes damage to the Liver.
  • Alcohol is readily absorbed from the digestive tract, and up to 98% is metabolised in the liver.
  • Each liver cell contains three pathways for alcohol metabolism.
  • All of these result in the production of a highly toxic metabolite which can contribute to liver cell damage.
  • With regular alcohol use, the regenerative ability of liver cells may be inhibited and lead to sustained liver damage.
  • Long term heavy alcohol use may lead to fat accumulation in the liver, which may progress to alcoholic hepatitis, or liver cirrhosis.
  • Over time, excessive alcohol use can lead to the development of chronic diseases and other serious problems including -
    • High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems. 

Additional Information

• Kidney:
  • Healthy kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from your blood.
  • But when your kidneys fail, wastes and extra fluid can build up in your blood and make you feel sick. 
  • Kidneys can become damaged from a physical injury or a disease like diabetes, high blood pressure, or other disorders.
  • High blood pressure and diabetes are the two most common causes of kidney failure.
  • Kidney failure does not happen overnight.
• Lungs:
  • Chronic alcohol abuse and heavy drinking can greatly increase the risk of several pulmonary conditions.
    • including lung disease, alcoholic pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  • Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer.
    • Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs.
    • Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
• Heart:
  • Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels.
  • Increases in your blood pressure can also be caused by weight gain from excessive drinking.
  • Heavy drinking weakens the heart muscle, which means the heart can't pump blood as efficiently.
    • It's is known as cardiomyopathy and can cause death, usually through heart failure.

The correct answer is Shark — Tortoise — Otter.

Key Points

• Shark - Scientists believe that sharks came into existence around 400 million years ago. It is believed that they descended from a small leaf-shaped fish that had no eyes, bones on fins.
  • These fish then evolved into two main groups of fish that are found today.
  • Bony fish and cartilaginous fish which include shark and Chimaira.
  • Sharks are on the top of the marine food chain and are the only huge marine reptiles that exist today.
• Tortoise is believed to have existed for 250 million years.
  • They belong to the reptile species of the family Testudinidae.
  • Tortoise has a hard shell to protect from the outside environment. They are believed to have evolved from very large body sizes of around 100 kgs. They are among the longest-living land animals in the world.
• Otters are believed to have existed on earth for the past 23 million years.
  • They have evolved significantly and have gone through many adaptations to survive till this time.

Additional Information

• They have the ability to move both on water and land except sea otters. The rest of the otters have webbed feet which help them to move in the water.
• They have five toes which help them to move on land as well. It is believed that they were once land animals only but they ended up going in the water to be safe from predators.
• It is also believed that the food sources were available in limited quantities on land so they started hunting in water to survive.