Question Discussion & Solution

Food chain: 

• A food chain shows the feeding relationship between different organisms in a particular environment and/or habitat.
• A food chain shows how energy is passed from the sun to producers, from producers to consumers, and from consumers to decomposes such as fungi.
• They also show how animals depend on other organisms for food.
• A simplified food web illustrating a three-trophic food chain (producers-herbivores-carnivores) linked to decomposers.

Key Points

Food Web: 

• A food web is similar to a food chain, but the food web is significantly larger.
• Occasionally, a single organism is eaten by a large number of predators, or it consumes a number of other species.
• As a result, several trophic levels become intertwined, and the food chain fails to accurately depict the flow of resources.
• The food chains are very simple and hence, do not exist in reality, 
• Rather, an interconnection of many food chains is seen in nature or in our ecosystem that forms a food web.
• The energy flow is multidirectional.
• In a food web, one organism takes place at different trophic levels in different food chains (which combine to form a complex food web).
• It gives greater stability to the ecosystem.

​Thus, a group of interconnected food chains is called a food web.

Additional Information

Pyramid of Biomass:

• A biomass pyramid is a diagram that compares the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem.
• It shows the mass of producers that are needed to support primary consumers, the mass of primary consumers required to support secondary consumers, and so on.

A constructor is a member function of a class that initializes objects of a class. In C++, Constructor is automatically called when an object (instance of a class) creates. It is a special member function of the class.

Syntax

class_name(parameter1, parameter2, ...)

{

    // constructor Definition

}

Default Constructor

It is the constructor that doesn’t take any argument. It has no parameters.

Parameterized Constructors

It is possible to pass arguments to constructors. Typically, these arguments help initialize an object when it is created. 

Copy Constructor

A copy constructor is a member function that initializes an object using another object of the same class.

The correct answer is option 3.

Concept:

A semaphore is a variable or abstract data type used to control access to a common resource by multiple threads and avoid critical section problems in a concurrent system such as a multitasking operating system.

Explanation:

Starvation is a problem that happens when high-priority processes continue to run while low priority processes are halted indefinitely. A continual stream of higher-priority processes in a densely loaded computer system can prevent a low-priority operation from ever receiving the CPU.

Indefinite blocking or starvation is a situation in which processes wait indefinitely within the semaphore. Indefinite blocking may occur if we remove processes from the list associated with a semaphore in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order.

Hence the correct answer is starvation.

Additional InformationCritical section:

 The critical section is the section of code in which processes access and write to shared resources such as common variables and files. Because processes run continuously, any process can be interrupted in the middle of its execution.

Hence the code for change out is “reshsab”.

The correct answer is ALU.

• The part of the CPU that performs logical operations is called ALU.

​Important Points

• There are 2 parts of the CPU:
  • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
  • Control Unit

Key Points

• The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
  • The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is where the CPU performs the arithmetic and logic operations.
  • Examples of arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
  • Examples of logic operations are comparisons of values such as NOT, AND, and OR.
  • The Control Unit carries out instructions.

Additional Information

• The central processing unit (CPU)
  • The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the device of a computer that retrieves and executes instructions. 
  • The major types of CPU are classified such as:
    • Single-core processor
    • Dual-core processor
    • Quad-core processor
    • Hexa core processor