Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is the Neemuchana massacre.

• Neemuchana is situated near Alwar where the armies of the princely state and the Britishers open fire on innocent people.

Key Points

• At the time of settlement in 1924, taxes on farmers were increased by 25%.
• This aroused a spirit of rebellion among the peasants and Shekhawati Rajputs.
• 'Kisan Sabha' was organized on 16 May 1925 in Neemuchana where armies of princely states and Britishers open fire on innocent people.

 Mangarhdham massacre is known as the 'Jallianwala Bagh tragedy of Rajasthan' but it took place in 1908 and Mahatma Gandhi did not address it as mentioned in the question.

The correct answer is Takshashila 

• Gandhara was an ancient kingdom situated along the Kabul and Swat rivers of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
• The capital of Gandhara was Takshashila also known as Taxila.
• 16 kingdoms were included in Mahajanapadas.
• Ancient Buddhist Literature, Anguttara Nikaya text gives the list 16 Mahajanapadas.
• They are - Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Machcha, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kamboja.
• These Mahajanpadas are either Monarchy or a Republics (Ganasanghas).
• The important Republics of this period were the Sakyas of Kapilavastu and the Licchavis of Vaishali.
• The important monarchical Mahajanpadas of this period were Kaushambi (Vatsa), Magadha, Kosala, and Avanti.

The correct answer is Mauryan Empire.

Key Points

• In the Mauryan empire Kautilya refers to two types of courts :
  • Dharmasthiyas (dealt with civil matters).
  • Kantakasodhana(dealt with criminal matters).

Additional Information

• Mauryan Empire (321 BCE - 185 BCE):
  • Chandragupta Maurya (321 BCE - 297 BCE):
    • Founder of the Maurya Dynasty and credited with the setting up of the first (nearly) pan-Indian empire.
    • Known as Sandrakottos to the Greeks and Androkottus by Aerian and Plutark. 
    • William Jones was the 1st scholar who recognized Sandrokottos as Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Kautilya mentored Chandragupta and prepared him for a takeover of Magadha.
    • Set up a vast centralized empire (details of whose functioning, society, military, and economy are well preserved in Kautilya's Arthashastra).
    • Defeated the invading army of the Eastern part of Alexander's empire Seleucus (305 BCE).​
    • Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Chandragupta in his later years accepted Jainism.
      • Accompanied Bhadrabahu to Karnataka and later died by following the ritual of sallekhana, i.e., fasting till death. 
  • Bindusara (297 BCE - 273 BCE):
    • 2nd Mauryan Emperor of India and he was the son of Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Known as Amitrochates to the Greeks. In Jain texts, he was known as Simhasena.
    • Antiochus sent Deimachus as an ambassador to Bindusara's court.
    • Chanakya also remained the chief advisor of Bindusara.
    • Bindusara was an able monarch who was successful in consolidating the empire established by his father.
    • Bindusara patronized the Ajivikas.
  •  Ashoka the Great (268 BCE - 232 BCE):
    • 3rd king of the Mauryan Empire.
    • He was known for:
      • Renunciation of war after the Kalinga war.
      • Development of the concept of Dhamma (pious social conduct, welfare of humanity).
      • Promotion of Buddhism. 
      • Effective reign of a nearly pan-Indian political entity.
    • Under Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire stretched from modern-day Iran through almost the entirety of the Indian subcontinent.
    • Ashoka initially rules this vast empire through the political treatise's precepts known as the Arthashastra.
    • In his inscriptions, he was called Devanampriya or Devanapiyadasi.​
    • Most of the inscriptions were written in Prakrit language in Brahmi script except only two which were in Kharoshti script.
    • In 1837, James Prinsep become the 1st scholar who deciphered Ashoka's inscription.
  • Brihadratha:
    • Last Mauryan ruler.
    • Assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga and established his own Sunga dynasty.

The correct answer is Mumbai.

Key Points

• On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit India' movement.
• The next day, Gandhi, Nehru, and many other leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested by the British Government. 
• The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.

Additional Information

• The slogan 'Quit India' was given by Yusuf Meherally.
• The viceroy during the Quit India movement was Lord Linlithgow.
• During the 'Quit India' movement, Mahatma Gandhi gave the slogan 'Do or Die' 

The correct answer is Kshetra Singh.

Key Points

• Kshetra Singh-
  • He was the son of Rana Hammir.
  • He defeated Malwa's Dilawar Khan Gauri and initiated Mewar- Malwa Struggle.

Additional Information 

• Rana Kumbha-
  • He was the son of Maharana Mokal.
  • He built Kirti Stambh on the occasion of Malwa's victory.
  • He built Kushal Mata Temple in Badnore, Bhilwara in 1457 AD.
  • Kumbhalgarh, Basantpur, Achalgarh, Bairath, Bhomath, etc forts were built by him.
• Rana Lakha-
  • He was the son of Rana Kshetra Singh.
  • In his reign, Pichola Lake was built by Pichhu Banjara.
  • Jhoting Bhatt and Dhaneshwar Bhatt were Sanskrit learned scholars Who lived in his Court.
  • He defeated Gyasuddin II in Badnore and ended a tax Trithkar, which was taken from Hindu Population.
• Raj Singh-
  • He was son of Maharana Jagat Singh.
  • Aurangzeb attacked the Mewar kingdom in his reign period.
  • Rajsamand Lake was built by him in 1676 AD.