Question Discussion & Solution

A group of sheep referred to as a flock. Similarly, a group of fish is called shoal.

The correct answer is Initialize the object.

• The constructor is a method of class or structure used in object-oriented programming that initializes a newly created object.

Key Points

• Whenever the object is created, the constructor is called automatically.
• A constructor is used to set the values for the variables.
• There are three types of constructors: default constructor, parameterized constructor, and copy constructor.
• The name of the constructor should be the same as the class name and it never returns any value so it has no return type.
• Default constructor accepts no parameter, the parameterized constructor accepts arguments and copy constructor accepts a reference of its own class as a parameter.

The correct answer is Tropical Deciduous Forests.

Key Points

• Tropical Deciduous Forests
  • These are the most widespread forests in India.
  • They are also called the monsoon forests because the trees in these forests shed their leaves during the dry season and re-grow during the monsoon. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • They spread over regions that receive rainfall between 70-200 cm. 
  • The average temperature of Tropical Deciduous forests is 30oC. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • The humidity in these forests lies in the range of 80-90 per cent.
  • The prime feature of these forests as trees shed their leaves in the dry season and grow back leaf in rainy seasons.
  • Major states where tropical deciduous forests are found:
    • Madhya Pradesh
    • Uttar Pradesh
    • Chhattisgarh
    • Jharkhand
    • Odisha
    • Maharashtra 
    • Some parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
  • On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into
    • Moist Deciduous
    • Dry Deciduous
• Moist Deciduous forests
  • They spread over regions that receive rainfall between 100-200 cm.
  • These forests are found in the northeastern states along the foothills of the Himalayas, eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, and Odisha.
  • Teak, Sal, Shisham, Hurra, Mahua, Amla, Semul, Kusum, and Sandalwood, etc. are the main species of these forests. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.​
• Dry Deciduous forests
  • They spread over regions that receive rainfall between 70-100 cm.
  • These forests are found in the rainy areas of Peninsular India, Plains of Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
  • In the higher rainfall regions of the Peninsular plateau and the northern Indian plain, these forests have a parkland landscape with open stretches in which teak and other trees interspersed with patches of grass are common.
  • As the dry season begins, the trees shed their leaves completely and the forest appears like a vast grassland with naked trees all around.
  • Tendu, Palas, Amaltas, Bel, Khair, Axlewood, etc. are the common trees of these forests.

Additional Information

• Tropical Thorn Forests
  • Tropical Thorn Forests are found in areas having less than 50cm of Rainfall.
  • A variety of Grasses and Shrubs are found in these thorn forests.
  • They are present in dry and semi-dry areas of south-west Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat,
  • Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
  • In Tropical Thorn Forest, Trees remain leafless for the most part of the year
  • Tussocky Grass grows up to 2m in these areas. 
• ​Montane Forests​
  • Evergreen type of vegetation is prevalent in montane forests.
  • Generally, they are conical in shape so that it is easy for the snow to slide down.
  • Montane Forest is an ecosystem found in mountains.
    • These forests can be found in the higher hilly areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, also in the region of Eastern Himalayas to the east of 88°E longitude including the hills of Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland.
  • Some significant trees of the montane temperate forest are rhododendrons, ferns, oak, maple, juniper, deodar, chilgoza, etc.
• Tropical Evergreen Forests
  • ​Tropical evergreen forests are dense, multi-layered, and harbor many types of plants and animals.
  • These forests are found in the areas receiving heavy rainfall (more than 200 cm annual rainfall).
  • Therefore, these forests always appear green and are known as evergreen forests.
  • The greatest single area of tropical evergreen forest is the Amazon Basin, in the northern half of South America.
  • In India, evergreen forests are found in the western slopes of the Western Ghats in States such as Kerala and Karnataka. They are also found in the hills of Jaintia and Khasi.
  • Evergreen forests are found in the Assam Valley, the foothills of the eastern Himalayas, and the lower parts of the Naga Hills, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Manipur.
  • Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, and cinchona are some of the commercially important trees that grow in the tropical evergreen forests.

The Correct Answer is "Cache Memory".

Important Points

Cache Memory :

• Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory.
• It is used to speed up and synchronizing with a high-speed CPU. Cache memory is costlier than main memory or disk memory but economical than CPU registers.
• Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU.
• It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU when needed.
• Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory.

Additional Information

Secondary Memory​ :

• It is non-volatile, i.e. it retains data when power is switched off.
• It is large capacities to the tune of terabytes.
• It is cheaper as compared to the primary memory.
• Depending on whether the Secondary memory device is part of the CPU or not, there are two types of secondary memory – fixed and removable.

 Auxiliary Memory :

• Auxiliary memory is the non-volatile memory lowest-cost, highest-capacity, and slowest-access storage in a computer system.
• It is where programs and data kept for long-term storage or when not in immediate use.
• Such memories tend to occur in two types-sequential access (data must access in a linear sequence) and direct access (data may access in any sequence).
• The most common sequential storage device is the hard disk drives, whereas direct-access devices include rotating drums, disks, CD-ROMs, and DVD-ROMs.
• It used as permanent storage of data in mainframes and supercomputers.

Virtual Memo :

• A computer can address more memory than the amount physically installed on the system.
• This extra memory is actually called virtual memory and it is a section of a hard disk that's set up to emulate the computer's RAM.
• The main visible advantage of this scheme is that programs can be larger than physical memory.
• Virtual memory serves two purposes.
  • First, it allows us to extend the use of physical memory by using the disk.
  • Second, it allows us to have memory protection because each virtual address is translated to a physical address.

Stack

• It is a Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure
• Piles is another name used for stack since data element are placed one above the other and last element on the pile is the first one to be removed (LIFO)

• Push-down list: A list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO); Stack is a LIFO data structure
• The stack is used in situations where data have to be stored and then retrieved in reverse order.
• Real-life implementation of the stack is shown:

The ball which is stored last (D) will be the first one to be taken out of the container

Important Points

• Stacks data structures are also called FILO (first in last out)
• push(), pop(), peek() are some of the functions of stack data structure