Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Salt Satyagraha.

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi sent an ultimatum to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands on 31 January 1930 and stated that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, he would start a Civil disobedience campaign.
• On 12 March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi with his 78 volunteers started marching from Gandhiji's ashram in Sabarmati to Dandi.
• On 6 April, he reached Dandi and violated the Salt law, by manufacturing salt by boiling water.
• This movement thus marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Hence, the correct answer is Salt Satyagraha.

Additional Information

• Khilafat Movement was led by the Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in India.
  • It was later united with the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• The Ghadar Movement was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India.

The correct answer is Mauryan Empire.

Key Points

• In the Mauryan empire Kautilya refers to two types of courts :
  • Dharmasthiyas (dealt with civil matters).
  • Kantakasodhana(dealt with criminal matters).

Additional Information

• Mauryan Empire (321 BCE - 185 BCE):
  • Chandragupta Maurya (321 BCE - 297 BCE):
    • Founder of the Maurya Dynasty and credited with the setting up of the first (nearly) pan-Indian empire.
    • Known as Sandrakottos to the Greeks and Androkottus by Aerian and Plutark. 
    • William Jones was the 1st scholar who recognized Sandrokottos as Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Kautilya mentored Chandragupta and prepared him for a takeover of Magadha.
    • Set up a vast centralized empire (details of whose functioning, society, military, and economy are well preserved in Kautilya's Arthashastra).
    • Defeated the invading army of the Eastern part of Alexander's empire Seleucus (305 BCE).​
    • Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Chandragupta in his later years accepted Jainism.
      • Accompanied Bhadrabahu to Karnataka and later died by following the ritual of sallekhana, i.e., fasting till death. 
  • Bindusara (297 BCE - 273 BCE):
    • 2nd Mauryan Emperor of India and he was the son of Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Known as Amitrochates to the Greeks. In Jain texts, he was known as Simhasena.
    • Antiochus sent Deimachus as an ambassador to Bindusara's court.
    • Chanakya also remained the chief advisor of Bindusara.
    • Bindusara was an able monarch who was successful in consolidating the empire established by his father.
    • Bindusara patronized the Ajivikas.
  •  Ashoka the Great (268 BCE - 232 BCE):
    • 3rd king of the Mauryan Empire.
    • He was known for:
      • Renunciation of war after the Kalinga war.
      • Development of the concept of Dhamma (pious social conduct, welfare of humanity).
      • Promotion of Buddhism. 
      • Effective reign of a nearly pan-Indian political entity.
    • Under Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire stretched from modern-day Iran through almost the entirety of the Indian subcontinent.
    • Ashoka initially rules this vast empire through the political treatise's precepts known as the Arthashastra.
    • In his inscriptions, he was called Devanampriya or Devanapiyadasi.​
    • Most of the inscriptions were written in Prakrit language in Brahmi script except only two which were in Kharoshti script.
    • In 1837, James Prinsep become the 1st scholar who deciphered Ashoka's inscription.
  • Brihadratha:
    • Last Mauryan ruler.
    • Assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga and established his own Sunga dynasty.

The correct answer is Jaunpur.

• The Jaunpur sultanate was ruled by the Sharqi dynasty.
• Malik-ul-Sharq was the founder of the Sharqi Dynasty.
• Malik-ul-Sharq made Jaunpur his capital and established his reign from Etawah to Bengal and Vindhyachal to Nepal.
• The founder of the Sharqi Dynasty, Malik-ul-Sharq, died in 1398 A.D.

The correct answer is Karam Shah.

Key Points

• The Pagal Panth was a religious order founded by Karim Shah in the Mymensingh and Sherpur districts of Bengal.
• The philosophy of this Panth was to follow religious harmony and non-violence incorporating tenets of Sufism, Hinduism, and animism.
• Under Karim Shah’s son Tipu Shah, the order revolted against the British government by organizing peasant rebellions. They were against the oppressive tax regime of the British.
• Tipu Shah captured Sherpur in 1825 and ruled over the Sherpur and Mymensingh areas till the 1850s.

Additional Information

• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was a brilliant intellectual and a striking master of debate. He was a versatile genius performing several roles during his entire working career, such as linguist, polymath, sociologist, historian, philosopher, writer, grammarian, ascetic, revolutionary, Marxist, and politician.
  • Swami Sahajanand formed a smaller Kisan Sabha in the Patna district in association with a formal organizational structure.
  • Later in 1929, he established the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS).
• Bulleh Shah was a Punjabi Muslim Sufi poet, a humanist, and philosopher.
  • His real name was Abdullah Shah.
  • His poetry highlights his mystical spiritual voyage through the four stages of Sufism: Shariat (Path), Tariqat (Observance), Haqiqat (Truth), and Marfat (Union).

The correct answer is the Jaisinghpura massacre 

Key Points

• Jaisinghpura massacre-
  •  On 21 June 1934 AD, Thakur Ishwar Singh of Dundlod opened fire on people working on the fields in Jaisinghpura village, In which 20-25 people were injured.
  • Ishwar Singh was tried in the princely state of Jaipur and sentenced to 1.5 years.
  • This was the first farmer massacre of Rajasthan in which the killers were punished.
  • British officer W.T. Web was appointed to prevent violence in this region.

Additional Information

• The Kudan massacre took place in Sikar due to the robbery of Captain Webb and the operation firing on the farmers.
• Chandraval massacre took place in Marwar where 6 farmers were killed on 29 March 1942 AD.
• The Dabla massacre took place on 13 March 1947 in Nagaur, this was the last incident related to the peasant movement in Rajasthan.