The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a much smaller machine capable of multiple functionalities. Each generation of computer is designed based on the hardware technology used leading to better, cheaper and powerful computers that are faster and efficient than their predecessors.
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Generation of Computers based on Hardware
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Generation
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Description
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1st Generation (1940 – 1956)
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- used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
- very expensive, large in size, slow in processing and had less storage capacity
- used machine level language for programming
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2nd Generation (1956 – 1963)
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- transistors were used instead of vacuum tube
- smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than the previous generation
- High-level programming languages were also being developed such as COBOL, FORTRAN
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3rd Generation (1964 – 1971)
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- used Integrated Circuit(IC) consisting of the capacity of 300 transistors
- small in size, low cost, large memory and high processing speed
- known as minicomputers
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4th Generation (1972 – 2010)
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- used VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
- became possible to place CPU on a single chip
- known as microcomputers
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5th Generation (2010 – to date)
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- based on artificial intelligence
- portable, superior processing speed, and network connectivity
- the aim is to develop devices that will respond to natural language inputs and be capable of learning
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Hence, it can be concluded from the table that vacuum tubes were used by the first generation computers.