Question Discussion & Solution

• In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a saviour and the spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).
• According to Jains, a Tirthankara is a rare individual who has conquered the saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth on his own and has made a path for others to follow.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e., c only (Kalibangan).

• The worship of Fire in the Indus Valley is proved by the discovery of the Fire altar in forts & residences at Kalibangan & Lothal.
• At Surkotada, throughout, a compact citadel and residential complex have been found, but no city complex has been unearthed. The remains of horse bones were found at Surkotda.
• Alamgirpur was discovered in 1974 by Punjab University which was named initially as "Parasaram-ka-Khera". It is located in Meerut district in Uttar Pradesh, India.
• Chanhudaro is located in Sindh province in Pakistan which belonged to the Indus Valley Civilisation and it is considered to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads.
• Other important sites are:-

Key Points

• The civil Disobedience Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi.
• The observance of Independence Day in 1930 was followed by the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhi.
• It began with the famous Dandi March of Gandhi. On 12 March 1930, Gandhi left the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad on foot with 78 other members of the Ashram for Dandi, a village on the western sea-coast of India, at a distance of about 385 km from Ahmadabad.
• They reached Dandi on 6 April 1930. There, Gandhi broke the salt law.
• It was illegal for anyone to make salt as it was a government monopoly.
• Gandhi defied the government by picking up a handful of salt which had been formed by the evaporation of sea.
• The defiance of the salt law was followed by the spread of Civil Disobedience Movement all over the country.
• Making of salt spread throughout the country in the first phase of the civil disobedience movement, it became a symbol of the people’s defiance of the government.

Additional Information​

• It shattered people’s faith in the British Government and laid the social root for the freedom struggle, and popularised the new method of propaganda like the prabhat pheris, pamphlets etc.
• It ended the exploitative salt policy of British was followed by the defiance of forest law in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Central province and the refusal  to pay the rural ‘Chaukidari tax’ in Eastern India.

The correct answer is Mansingh I.

Key Points

• Mansingh I-
  • He was the son of Bhagwant Das.
  • His first coronation took place in Patna, while his second coronation took place in Amber.
  • He was one of the Navaratnas of Akbar.
  • He played a major role in suppressing the Afghan rebellion in Bengal, Odisha, and Bihar.
  • The Mughal emperor Akbar gave him the titles of Farzand and Raja.
  • He also received seven thousand mansabdari from Akbar.
  • He first went for the Ranthambore campaign with Akbar in 1569 AD.
  • He was the chief commander of Akbar in the battle of Haldighati.

Additional Information

• Mirza Jai Singh-
  • He gave services to three Mugal Kings (Jahangir, Saha Jahan, and Aurangzeb).
  • In the Battle of Dharmat​ (1658 AD), he gave company to Darashikoah against Aurangzeb.
  • In 1665 AD, he signed a Treaty with Shivaji, which is known as Purandar Treaty.
  • Shahjahan gave him the Mirza King title during the Gandhar campaign.
• Bharmal-
  • He first met Akbar in 1556 AD with the help of Majnu Khan.
  • He accepted Akbar's humility with the help of Changtai Khan in 1562 AD.
  • He was the first Kachwaha ruler who established matrimonial relations with the Mughals.
• Bhagwant Das-
  • Akabar gave him five thousand Mansabdari due to his bravery.
  • He was the leader of the third delegation, which was sent to convince Rana Pratap
  • His daughter Manbai was married to Jahangir.