Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Sawai Pratap Singh.

Key Points

• Sawai Pratap Singh-
  • He was the son of Madho Singh I.
  • He faced the maximum number of Maratha attacks during his reign.
  • The Tunga battle was fought between him and Mahadji Scindia in 1787 AD.
  • Patan battle was also fought between him and Mahadji Scindia in 1790 AD.
  • He was also a poet, he used to write poems in the name of Brijnidhi.
  • His poems were compiled in Brijnidhi Granthavali.
  • He sheltered Vanshidhar Bhatt and encouraged Tamasha folk theatre.
  • In his court, there was a congregation of 22 musicians and scholars known as Gandharva Baisi.
  • Hawa Mahal was built by him in 1799 AD.

Additional Information

• Mirza Raja Jai Singh-
  • He was the son of Man Singh I.
  • He served three Mughal kings (Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb).
  • He received the title of Mirza Raja from Shah Jahan when he was going for the Gandhara campaign.
  • His first campaign was against Malik Ambar of Ahmed Nagar in 1623 AD.
  • In the Battle of Dharmat (1658 AD), he sided with Darashikoh against Aurangzeb.
  • In 1665 AD, he signed a treaty with Shivaji, known as the Treaty of Purandar.
  • The foreign Manuchi has described this eye-sight treaty.
• Jagat Singh II-
  • He became ruler after Sawai Pratap Singh.
  • He fought the Gingoli battle with Jodhpur due to the Krishna Kumari marriage dispute.
  • He did a treaty with the East India Company in 1818 AD.
• Madho Singh I-
  • He became ruler after Ishwari Singh.
  • In his reign, Jaipur's civilians murdered Maratha army men.
  • He established Sawai Madhopur city in 1763 AD.
  • He fought the Kakod battle with Malhar Rav Holkar.
  • He built alike nine palaces for his nine queens in the Nahargarh fort.

James Prinsep deciphered the Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.

• Brahmi Script- It is the oldest writing styles in ancient India. The rock cut edicts of Ashoka are the best examples of Brahmi script which were deciphered by an archeologist of East India Company James Prinsep.
• Kharoshthi scripts- It is used in Gandhara kingdom to write Gandhari Prakrit and Sanskrit in 4-3 century B.C.

The correct answer is 1940.

• The Lahore Resolution was passed by the Muslim league in 1940.

Key Points

• Mohammed Ali Jinnah called the general session of the All India Muslim League in Lahore on 22-24 March 1940.
  • The Lahore Resolution, popularly described as the Pakistan Resolution was passed in this session.
  • The resolution was for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India.
  • Prominent figures in the session-
    • Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
    • AK Fazlul Huq led the Bengal Muslim League contingent
    • Chief Ministers of Bengal and Punjab

Important Points

• The Lahore Resolution was a formal statement, which sought the creation of a separate Muslim state.
  • The political statement, written by Zafarullah Khan and other prominent members of the ‘All-India Muslim League,’ proposed the creation of an ‘independent state’ based on a predominantly Muslim population.
  • When the resolution was put forth by the then Chief Minister of undivided Bengal, A. K. Fazl ul Huq, people started using the word ‘Pakistan’ quite frequently as the Hindu leaders described the resolution as a demand to create Pakistan.
  • Hence, the ‘Lahore Resolution’ is considered a landmark document in Pakistan’s history.
  • A monument called ‘Minar-e-Pakistan’ stands in Lahore to commemorate the famous resolution.
  • March 23 is observed as a national holiday in Pakistan to celebrate Republic Day and to commemorate the Lahore Resolution.

By 1900 BC many Indus cities had been abandoned. Historians believe things started to fall apart around 1700 BC. There were many factors which led to the collapse of Harrapan civilisation-

One important factor was the changes to the geography and climate of the area.

• Located on the bank of Indus River in the southern province of Sindh, Mohenjodaro was built around 2400 BC. It was destroyed at least seven times by the floods and rebuilt on the top of ruins each time as there is evidence of silt on houses and streets of the civilisation.
• The main cities were closely linked to the river, so changes in the river flow would have had a terrible effect on them. Repeated flooding may have led to a build-up of salt in the soil, making it hard to grow crops.
• It is believed that at the same time, the Ghagger Hakra River (another river in the area) dried up. People were forced to abandon many of the cities located along its banks, such as Kalibangan and Banawali. 

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• The first Jain Mahasabha was held at Pataliputra(now known as Patna).
• It was held in the beginning of the 3^rd century BC by Sthulabahu.
• The second councils were held simultaneously at Mathura and Vallabhi and the third at Vallabhi.
• The Jain councils are associated with the revision and improvement of their sacred text termed as Jain Agamas.