Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is A. O. Hume.

Key Points

• The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 by A.O. Hume, an Englishman, and a retired civil servant. 
  • Indian National Congress was established in 1885.
  • The first session of INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskriti College in Bombay.
  • It was presided over by Womesh Chandra Banerjee.
  • A.O. Hume never served as president of any INC session. 
• George Yule was a Scottish merchant in England and India who served as the fourth President of the Indian National Congress in 1888 at Allahabad. 
  • He was the first non-Indian to hold that office.
  • He was the founder of George Yule & Co. of London and headed Andrew Yule & Co., of Calcutta. He served as Sheriff of Calcutta and as President of the Indian Chamber of Commerce.
• Sir Henry Cotton belonged to a distinguished family who served India for five generations.
  • His great grandfather Joseph Cotton joined the East India Company's mercantile service in the middle of the 18th century and was a Director of the Company for 28 years.
  • He was the president of the INC session of 1903 at Bombay. 
• Sir William Wedderburn was appointed Acting Judicial Commissioner in Sind and Judge of the Sadar Court in 1874.
  • In 1882 he became the District and Sessions Judge of Poona. At the time of his retirement in 1887, he was the Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay.
  • He was the president of the INC session: 
    • ​Bombay Session of 1889
    • Allahabad Session of 1910

The correct answer is 2 only.

Key Points

• Champaran Satyagrah:-
  • The Champaran Satyagrah holds an important position in the Indian Independence Movement.
  • The tenant farmers were forced to grow Indigo crops instead of food crops.
  • The indigo and cash crops were bought by the British at very low prices which resulted in extreme poverty. Also, the British officials were hostile to the poor farmers and levied huge taxes on them.
  • This developed anger among the tenant farmers and Indian journalists like Ganesh Shankar Vidhyarthi and Peer Muneesh published the sufferings of Champaran people in their publications.
  • When the situation became unbearable, the farmers revolted against the government in indigo plant cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and in 1916 at (Turkaulia).
  • People like Pandit Raj Kumar Shukla and Sant Raut persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to come to Champaran to investigate the problem of peasants. Pandit Raj Kumar Shukla was himself an oppressed Indigo cultivator of the region. Hence, Statement 1 is Not correct.
  • At the request of these people, Gandhiji along with his team, that included people like Rajendra Prasad, Brajkishore Prasad,  Prasad, Maulana Mazharul Haque, Babu Gaya Prasad Singh, Ramnavmi Prasad, J.B. Kripalani, etc., arrived in Champaran in April 1917 and stayed at the house of Sant Raut in Amolwa village. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • Gandhi's team of lawyers comprising Babu Braj Kishore Prasad, Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad surveyed the villages and tried to find out the injustice done to the peasants.
  • Gandhiji organized protests and strikes against the landlords who signed agreements with the British government, as the provisions of the agreement were detrimental to the poor tenant farmers.
  • Gandhiji received titles like 'Bapu' and 'Mahatma' during this agitation. He preferred to be called 'Bapu'.

The correct answer is Vidisha.

Key Points

• The Udayagiri Caves are twenty rock-cut caves near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh from the early years of the 5th century CE.
• They contain some of the oldest surviving Hindu temples and iconography in India.
• Udayagiri caves contain iconography of Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Shaivism.
• There are 20 caves of Hinduism and Jainism.
• The Jain cave is notable for one of the oldest known Jaina inscriptions from 425 CE, while the Hindu caves feature inscriptions from 401 CE.
• They are the only site that can be verifiably associated with a Gupta period monarch from its inscriptions belonging to the reigns of Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta I.
• The Udayagiri hills and their caves are protected monuments managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Additional Information

• Bhartrihari caves are situated in the Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Pandav caves and Adamghar caves are situated in the Hoshangabad district.
• Bagh caves are situated in the Dhar district.

King Ashoka was the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war.

• The Kalinga war was fought between Maury Empire and the state of Kalinga which located on the east coast.
• King Ashoka gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war because he realized the violence, he had done to become a world champion and from that very moment, he decided to walk on a path of non-violence.
• King Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled from c. 268 to 232 BCE.
• The founder of Maurya Dynasty was the Chandragupta Maurya.

Achar Sudharini Sabha is NOT correct.

• Achar Sudharini Sabha was established by Yamuna Prasad Verma in 1910 AD. 

Key Points

•  Asparshyata Nivaran Sangh, Valmiki Sangh, Adiwasi Sangh were established by Pandit Hari Narayan Sharma.
  • These Sangh did work for the social and political empowerment of the tribe class.
• Pandit Hari Narayan Sharma established Alwar Prajamandal in 1938 AD with help of Kunj Bihari Modi.

Additional Information

• Yamuna Prasad Verma was related to Dholpur Prajamandal.
  • He established Achar Sudharini Sabha in 1910 AD.
  • He established Arya Samaj in 1911 AD.