Question Discussion & Solution

Key Points

• Article 226 of the Constitution of India deals with the power of the High Courts to issue writs.
• Enshrined under Part V of the Constitution of India, Article 226 confers power to the High Courts to issue orders, directions, and writs in the nature of Habeas corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition, and Quo Warranto. 
• As per Article 226(1), every High Court within the territory of India has the power to issue orders, directions, and writs to any individual or authority including the Government for the enforcement of fundamental rights as well as other legal rights under its own local jurisdiction. 
• Article 226(2) confers the power to the High Courts to issue orders, directions, and writs outside their own local jurisdiction in the cases where the cause of actions lies wholly or in part within their local jurisdiction.

Additional Information

The correct answer is 86th Amendment.

Key Points

• The Right to Education was inserted in the Indian Constitution by 86th Amendment.
  • The 86th amendment to the constitution of India in 2002, provided the Right to Education as a fundamental right in part-III of the Constitution.
  • The same amendment inserted Article 21A which made the Right to Education a fundamental right for children between 6-14 years.
  • The first official document on the Right to Education was Ramamurti Committee Report in 1990.

Additional Information

• 44th Amendment : 
  • 44th Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as the Constitution 1978, was enacted by the Janata Party.
    • It was introduced into the constitution by 45th Amendment Bill in the year 1978.
    • In 1976, with the introduction of the 42nd Amendment Act, there were various provisions that were amended against the will of the citizens hence, to reverse those changes and safeguard the interests of the nation, 44th Amendment Act was called into action.
    • The 44th Amendment of 1978 removed the right to property from the list of fundamental rights.
• 91st Amendment :
  • The maximum number of members in the council of Ministers has been capped at less than one-sixth of the total members of the primary house of the Union and the State Legislatures according to the 91st Amendment Act, 2003.
  • The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Central Council of Ministers, shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha.
  • The provision of the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection law) pertaining to an exemption from disqualification in case of split by one-third of members of the legislature party has been deleted. It means that the defectors have no more protection on grounds of splits.
• 31st Amendment:
  • The 31st Amendment of the Indian Constitution was all about changing the number of seats in Parliament.
  • This Amendment Act of 1972 increased the number of Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545. 

The correct answer is 2004-2007.

Key Points

• Pratibha Devi Singh Patil: 
  • She was the 12th President of India from 2007 to 2012
  • She was the first female President in India.
  • She was also a Governor of Rajasthan from 2004 to 2007.
  • She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.

Additional Information

• Prabha Rau:
  • She was the 2nd female Governor(Acting) of Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010.
  • She also served as a Governor of Himachal Pradesh.
• ​​Margret Alva:
  • She was 3rd female Governor of Rajasthan from 2012 to 2014
  • She was also a Governor of Goa, Gujarat, and Uttrakhand.
  • She also held the office of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Ministry Youth and Sports and Women and Child Development, and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.

The correct answer is The Supreme Court.

Key Points 

• The Supreme Court of India is called the custodian of the Constitution in India.
• The highest court in India, the Supreme Court is considered as the guardian of the Constitution.
• The conflicts or quarrels of jurisdiction between the central government and the state governments or between the legislature and the executive are decided by the court.
• It upholds and uplifts the rule of law and also ensures and protects citizens’ rights and liberties as given in the Constitution.
• Therefore, the Supreme Court is also known as the Guardian of the Constitution.​

Additional Information 

• The Indian constitution provides for a provision of the Supreme Court under Part V (The Union) and Chapter 6 (The Union Judiciary).
• The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial court and the final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of judicial review.
• India is a federal state and has a single and unified judicial system with a three-tier structure, i.e. Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts.

Option 1 is correct, i.e. Article 14-18.