Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Lord William Bentinck.

Key Points

• Lord William Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India.
• By the charter act of 1833, the Governor-General of Bengal was re-designated as the Governor-General of India.
• This made Lord William Bentinck, the first Governor-General of India.
• Lord William Bentinck has been credited for significant social and educational reforms in India including abolishing Sati Prata, suppressing female infanticide and human sacrifice.

Additional Information

• The first Governor-General of Bengal was Lord Warren Hastings.
• Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India from 1848-56.
• He devised the policy of Doctrine of Lapse.
• Lord Canning was the first viceroy of India.

• Vikramshila University was founded by the Pala King, Dharmapala in the late 8th or early 9th century.
• It was situated at Bhagalpur, Bihar.
• It was one of the largest Buddhist universities with more than 100 teachers and about 1000 students.
• The university prospered for around four centuries and was later destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji.

• Harappa was the first site to be discovered.
• It was discovered by a team of Daya Ram Sahni in the year 1921.
• Mohenjodaro was discovered in the year 1922 by a team of R.D. Banerjee.
• Archaeologist S.R. Rao led teams who discovered a number of Harappan sites, including the port city of Lothal in 1954-63.

The correct answer is the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Key Points

• Gandhiji's call for breaking Salt Laws was in response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi against the salt tax that was imposed by the British Government in India.
• The Salt Satyagraha was started on 12 March 1930 to 5 April 1930.
•  The defiance of the salt law was followed by the spread of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over the country.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was started on 6 April 1930.
• Dandi March and Salt Satyagraha:
  • Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. On reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to be violated by collecting salt from the beach.

• ​Some features of the Civil Disobedience Movement - 

  • Boycott of foreign-made cloth and liquor shops.
  • Refusal by peasants to pay revenue and chowkidar taxes.
  • Violation of forest law by grazing animals in the reserved forest.
  • Deliberately breaking unjust laws like salt tax law.

Additional Information 

• The Non-cooperation Movement was started on 1 August 1920.
• Khilafat Movement was led by Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar in 1919.:
  • The Khilafat Movement (1919):
  • It brought the Muslims & the Hindus on a common platform against the British administration.
  • It was one of the most important causes of the Non - Cooperation Movement. 
  • The Indian Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph.
• Quit India Movement:​
  • The iconic 'Quit India' slogan was coined by socialist Congress leader and lesser-known hero of the Indian National movement Yusuf Meher Ali in 1942.
  • He was the founder of National Militia, Bombay youth League, and the Congress Socialist Party.
  • On 8th August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave a clarion call to end British rule and launched the Quit India Movement at the session of the All-India Congress Committee in Mumbai.
  • Also known as the India August Movement or August Kranti.
  • The movement gave the slogans ‘Quit India’ or ‘Bharat Chodo’. Gandhi gave the slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’
  • The immediate cause of the movement was the collapse of the Cripps Mission.
  • The movement saw violence at some places which were not premeditated.
  • The Quit India movement was violently suppressed by the British – people were shot, lathi-charged, villages burnt and enormous fines imposed.

The correct option is 4 i.e. Mesopotamian.

• The seals were invented around 3500 BC in southern Mesopotamia.
• The cylindrical seals were impression stamps, which were quite intricate in design. The images depicted on these seals were mostly theme-driven, often sociological or religious.
• The stamps were known as kinship in Sumerian and murukku in Akkadian.
• Mesopotamia is located in southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system.
• It is also known as the cradle of civilisation.
• The major rule was of Sumerians and Akkadian.