Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Joint session will be held in scheduled time.

Key Points

• Note that if President summons for the joint session of parliament and if in the meantime, Lok Sabha dissolved then the joint sitting takes place despite of the dissolution of the lower house.
• But also note that, if in case of Lok Sabha is dissolved before the summon of joint sitting on a bill by President then the pending bill lapses and there shall be no joint sitting.

Important Points

Joint Sitting of Parliament-

•  Article 108 of the constitution provides for the provision of Joint sessions of both the Houses of Parliament.
• A joint sitting can be summoned by President in case if a bill is passed by one House and forwarded to other house-
  • The other house rejects the bill
  • The house do not agree on the amendments made to the bill
  • More than six months elapsed with the bill being recieved by the other House withougt it being passe.

Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the Constitution of India which are guaranteed to all citizens.

• They are applied without discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, etc. 
• There are six fundamental rights of the Indian Constitution along with the constitutional articles related to them are mentioned below:
  • Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
  • Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
  • Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
  • Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
  • Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
  • Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Important Points

Why Right to Property is not a Fundamental Right?

• There was one more fundamental right in the Constitution, i.e., the right to property. 
• However, this right was removed from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th Constitutional Amendment. 
• This was because this right proved to be a hindrance towards attaining the goal of socialism and redistributing wealth (property) equitably among the people. 

Note: The right to property is now a legal right and not a fundamental right. 

The correct answer is Contingency Fund.

• Contingency Fund is being used by the Government of India to meet the unforeseen expenses.

Additional Information 

• Consolidated Fund of India:
  • This is the most important of all accounts of the government.
  • This fund is filled by Direct and indirect taxes Loans taken by the Indian government, Returning of loans/interests of loans to the government by anyone/agency that has taken it.
  • The government meets all its expenditure from this fund.
  • The government needs parliamentary approval to withdraw money from this fund.
  • The provision for this fund is given in Article 266 (1) of the Constitution of India.
  • Each state can have its own Consolidated Fund of the state with similar provisions.
  • The Comptroller and Auditor General of India audit these funds and reports to the relevant legislatures on their management.
• Contingency Fund of India:
  • Provision for this fund is made in Article 267 (1) of the Constitution of India.
  • Its corpus is Rs. 500 crores.
  • The Secretary of, Finance Ministry holds this fund on behalf of the President of India.
  • This fund is used to meet unexpected or unforeseen expenditure.
  • Contingency Fund is being used by the Government of India to meet the unforeseen expenses
  • Each state can have its own contingency fund.
• Public Accounts of India:
  • This is constituted under Article 266 (2) of the Constitution.
  • All other public money (other than those covered under the Consolidated Fund of India) received by or on behalf of the Indian Government are credited to this account/fund.
  • This is made up of Bank savings account of the various ministries/departments, National small savings fund, defence fund, National Investment Fund (money earned from disinvestment), National Calamity & Contingency Fund (NCCF) (for Disaster Management), Provident fund, Postal insurance, etc.

The Correct Answer is Option 3 i.e Article 23 to 24.

• Fundamental Rights:
  • Articles 12-35 of Part - III of the Indian Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights.
  • Fundamental rights are enforceable in the court of law.
  • There are six fundamental rights as of present, they are:
    • Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
    • Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
    • Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
    • Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
    • Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
    • Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

The correct answer is Article 20 and 21.

• Article 20 and 21 are the two articles (Fundamental Rights) of the Indian Constitution that are not suspended even during the National Emergency under Article 359.
• Article 20 gives protection in respect of conviction for offences.
• Article 21 gives the right to life, personal liberty, and the right to die with dignity.
• Article 21A gives free education to all children of the age of six to fourteen(6-14) years.
• Article 14 - Equality before the law
• Article 15 - Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• Article 16 - Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
• Article 17 - Abolition of untouchability
• Article 18 - Abolition of titles
• Article 19 - Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.

The Fundamental Rights from the article 12-35 have been classified under six categories:

• Right to Freedom
• Right to Equality
• Right against Exploitation
• Right to Freedom of Religion
• Cultural and Educational rights
• Right to constitutional remedies.