Question Discussion & Solution

Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems that promote the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. 

• They are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) program and nominated by national governments.
• There are over 500 biosphere reserves in over 100 countries around the world.
• There are 18 notified Biosphere reserves in India.
• Out of them, 11 Biosphere Reserves are in UNESCO’s MAB World Network. 

Important Points

Biosphere Reserves and their respective years of including in the MAB network are as follows:

• ​Nilgiri (2000)
• Gulf of Mannar (2001)
• Sunderban (2001)
• Nanda Devi(2004)
• Nokrek (2009)
• Pachmarhi(2009)
• Similipal (2009)
• Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (2012)
• Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (2013)
• Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (2016)
• Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve(2018)

From the above, we can conclude that Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the first Biosphere reserve in India.

Additional Information​ 

Nilgiri Biosphere reserve:-

• ​The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was the first and Oldest biosphere reserve in India established in the year 1986.
• It is located in the Western Ghats and includes 2 of the 10 biogeographical provinces of India.
• The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve falls under the biogeographic region of the Malabar rain forest.
• The Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Mukurthi National Park, and Silent Valley are the protected areas present within this reserve.

 The correct answer is Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.

Key Points

• EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory in which the information stored Is retained even after the power goes off.
• A special type of PROM in which the information stored in it can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge at one byte at a time. 
• EEPROM generally offers excellent capabilities and performance.
• EEPROMs are constructed as arrays of floating-gate transistors.

The correct answer is Amlanand Ghosh.

Key Points

• Prof Amlanand Ghosh excavated the Kalibangan site in 1952.
• The Kalibangan civilization is supposed to older than 4000 BC.
• This Rajasthan civilization was the first metropolis state in India.
• Kalibangan lies along with the left Bank of the dried-up bed of river Ghaggar.
• The site contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains, and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures.
• Although the pre-Harappan culture worked copper and produced pottery, it had no writing system, and its ruins lack the orderly layout and use of baked brick that is found in the later Harappan sites.
• The Harappan remains include a cemetery and a fortified citadel. 

Additional Information

• Ratna Chandra Agrawal: 
  • Bhinmal Civilization was first founded by Ratna Chandra Agrawal in 1953-54 AD.
  • Bhinmal civilization is founded in the Jalore District of Rajasthan.
• Ratan Lal Mishra: 
  • Ganeshwar civilization was first founded in 1977 by historian Ratan Lal Mishra.
  • This Ganeshwar civilization is more than 4000 years old and the estimated time period was 2500 – 2000 BC.

The correct answer is Generation.

• The letter 'G' has been used for Generation in 4G technology in mobile communication.

Key Points

• Meaning of 'G' in mobile signal
  • The G in 2G, 3G and 4G stands for Generation, and they refer to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation of wireless technology. 
  • The higher the generation the better, fast, and powerful will be the network.
  • Letter G stands for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service).
  • It indicates the slowest speed of internet data transfer on our mobile phone.

​Additional Information

• Meaning of 'E' in mobile signal
  • Letter E stands for EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution).
  • It is also called Enhanced GPRS.
  • This technology lies somewhere in between 2G and 3G technology.
  • So, some people refer to it as 2.5G.

The correct answer is Cancer.

Concept: 

Infectious diseases:

• Infectious disease are diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites.
• Infectious diseases are transmitted by infectious agents.
• Infectious disease is spread by humans, plants, and insects. 
• Agents that spread pathogens or pass them on are known as vectors or disease intermediaries.

Explanation:

• Cancer is not an infectious disease. 
• Cancer cannot be passed from one person to another by breathing the same air, sharing a toothbrush, touching.
• Cancer is a disorder in which cell growth is uncontrolled.
• Changes in genes that control how our cells function, particularly how they grow and divide, cause cancer.
• Accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal control can result in gene mutations. 
• Cancer is sometimes caused by the genes we inherit from our parents.
• Cancer's Causes
  • Carcinogens such as tobacco, chemicals, alcohol, and ultraviolet radiation from the sun are among the leading causes of cancer.

Additional Information

• Cholera:
  • Cholera is a severe diarrheal infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
  • People who consume cholera-contaminated food or water may become ill.
  • The infection is frequently mild or without symptoms, but it can also be severe and life-threatening.
  • The disease's deadly effects are caused by a toxin produced by bacteria in the small intestine.
• TB (Tuberculosis):
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.
  • It was transmitted from person to person via microscopic droplets released into the air.
  • Usually bacteria attack the lungs, but tuberculosis bacteria can attack any part of the body, including the brain, kidney, and spine.
• Conjunctivitis: 
  • Conjunctivitis or pink eye is a viral disease that is caused by allergies or bacterial or viral infection.
  • It is the Inflammation or infection of the eyeball's outer membrane and the inner eyelid.
  • Conjunctivitis is highly contagious and is spread through contact with infected people's eye secretions