Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Takshashila 

• Gandhara was an ancient kingdom situated along the Kabul and Swat rivers of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
• The capital of Gandhara was Takshashila also known as Taxila.
• 16 kingdoms were included in Mahajanapadas.
• Ancient Buddhist Literature, Anguttara Nikaya text gives the list 16 Mahajanapadas.
• They are - Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Machcha, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kamboja.
• These Mahajanpadas are either Monarchy or a Republics (Ganasanghas).
• The important Republics of this period were the Sakyas of Kapilavastu and the Licchavis of Vaishali.
• The important monarchical Mahajanpadas of this period were Kaushambi (Vatsa), Magadha, Kosala, and Avanti.

The correct answer is Mundaka Upanishad.

Important Points

‘Satyameva Jayate’:

• These words are taken from the Mundaka Upanishad which is an Indian ancient scripture.
• It was adopted on 26 January 1950 as the national motto of India.
• The base of the National Emblem has ‘Satyameva Jayate’ inscribed there and these words are also found on one side of all the Indian currency notes.

Additional Information

The Upanishads are the philosophical-religious texts of Hinduism (also known as Sanatan Dharma meaning “Eternal Order” or “Eternal Path”) which develop and explain the fundamental tenets of the religion. 

The correct answer is Shanta Trivedi.

Key Points

Shanta Trivedi-

• She was born in Nagpur, Maharastra.
• She was married to Parasram Trivedi.
• She established Rajasthan women's council in 1947 AD.
• She also did work for women's education and untouchability eradication.

Additional Information

Khetu Bai-

• She was born in Bikaner, Rajasthan.
• She was the sister of freedom fighter Vaidh Magharam.
• She leads the women in the Dudha- Khara peasant movement.
• She pledged to wear lifelong khadi.

Laxmi Devi Acharya-

• She was married to Shri ram Acharya.
• She was the founder member of Bikaner Prajamandal.
• She also became president of Bikaner Prajamandal.
• She also took part in Swadeshi and civil disobedience movement.

Janaki Devi Bajaj-

• She was born in Jawra, Madhya Pradesh.
• She was married to Jamna Lal Bajaj.
• She became president of Gau Seva Sangh after Jamna Lal Bajaj's death.
• She became president of Jaipur Prajamandal's 1944 AD convention.
• She built 108 wells during Vinoba Bhave's Bhu-Dan movement.
• She was honored with Padam Vibhusan in 1956 AD.

The correct answer is Stuttgart.

Key Points

• Madam Cama hoisted the first tricolor flag in 1907 at Stuttgart.
• Madam Cama:
  • Bhikaiji Rustom Cama was a prominent figure in the Indian Independence Struggle.
  • She is famous for hosting the precursor to the Indian National Flag on foreign soil.
  • For this act, she came to be known as the ‘Mother of the Indian Revolution.
  • During her visit to London, Bhikaiji Cama came into contact with Shyamji Krishna Varma, an Indian nationalist known for the speeches he gave in Hyde Park.
  • She met Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the British committee of the Indian National Congress (founded on December 28, 1885). 

It was excavated by V.N. Misra in 1938-40 AD is not correct.

• Raid civilization: District - Tonk
  • It is situated on the bank of the Dheel river.
  • It was excavated by Kaidar Nath Puri in 1938-40 AD. 
  • It was an iron age civilization.
  • Gajmukhi Yaksha and Matradevi statues were also found there.
  • Asia's largest coin store was also found there.
  • It is also known as ancient India's Tatanagar.

Key Points

Additional Information

• V.N Misra:
  • In the year 1977, Misra founded a dedicated society for pre-historic studies.
  • He also started an international research journal, Man and Environment.
  • He was also awarded the prestigious VS Wakankar Award by the Madhya Pradesh State Government for his contribution to pre-history.
  • He excavated important archaeological sites such as Bhimbetka (a World Heritage site) and Balathal, among others.