Question Discussion & Solution

• In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a saviour and the spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).
• According to Jains, a Tirthankara is a rare individual who has conquered the saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth on his own and has made a path for others to follow.

The Harappan Civilization is dated between 2600 and 1900 BC.

Key Points

• There were earlier and later cultures, known as Early Harappan and Later Harappan.
• The Harappan period characterized by seals, beads, weights, stone blades, and baked bricks is called the Mature Harappan culture.
• The Reasons for the Ending of Harappan Civilization:
  •   deforestation in the area
  • climate change 
  • drying up of nearby rivers 
  • rulers lost control
  • invasion of Aryans
  • overuse of landscape 

Hence, the correct answer is (2) A, B, D.

• This war was fought in October 1764.

The correct answer is Rapid industrialization.

• Mahatma Gandhi was against the Rapid industrialization of India.
• Gandhi emphasized decentralized production in the villages.
  • He was also against the concept of Mechanization.
  • He believed that by using machine-made Manchester cloth, Indians are only wasting their money, but instead, if they reproduce Manchester in India, they would keep their money with themselves.
  • He favored the machines that supported and reduced the burden of labor.

Additional Information 

• Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society.
  • As India is a developing country, rapid industrialization is needed in India.
  • Industrialization can help the progress of agriculture, trade, transport, and all other economic activities.
  • Rapid industrialization is important for creating employment opportunities, promoting education, training, and research. 
  • Industrial growth brings a rapid increase in the national income of the country.
• Gandhiji's famous Dandi March in March 1930 heralded the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement movement.
  • On March 12, 1930, Gandhiji set out from Sabarmati with 78 followers on a 241-mile march to the coastal town of Dandi on the Arabian Sea.
  • There, Gandhi and his supporters were to defy British policy by making salt from seawater.
  • At Dandi, thousands more followed his lead, and in the coastal cities of Bombay and Karachi, Indian nationalists led crowds of citizens in making salt.
  • Civil disobedience broke out all across India, soon involving millions of Indians, and British authorities arrested more than 60,000 people.
  • Gandhiji himself was arrested on May 5, but the satyagraha continued without him.
  • It was the start of the civil disobedience movement which commenced as Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law on the coastal town of Dandi on the Arabian Sea 
    • Dandi March is also known as Namak Satyagrah or Salt Satyagrah.
  • The Salt March was a 24-day Salt March, which was non-violent in nature, is historically significant as it led to the mass Civil Disobedience Movement.

The correct answer is Bikaner.

Key Points

• Bikaner Prajamandal-
  • Establishment year - 1936 AD in Kolkata
  • President - Magram Vaidhi
  • Leader - Birbal Singh, Laxmandas Swami, etc.
  • On 22 July 1942 AD, advocate Raghuvar Dayal Goyal established the Bikaner State Praja Parishad for a responsible government.
  • Birbal Singh was martyred on 30 June 1946 in Rai Singh Nagar, where a conference of Bikaner Rajya Praja Parishad was organized due to police firing.
  • The princely state of Bikaner was the first to enter the Central Legislative Assembly.

Additional Information

• Kushalgarh Praja Mandal-
  • Establishment year - 1942 AD
  • Chairman – Bhanwar Lal Nigam
  • Leader- Kanhiya Lal Sethia, etc.
• Alwar Prajamandal-
  • Establishment year- 1938 AD
  • Leaders- Bhavani Shankar Sharma, Harinarayan Sharma, Kunj Bihari Modi, etc.