Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Rapid industrialization.

• Mahatma Gandhi was against the Rapid industrialization of India.
• Gandhi emphasized decentralized production in the villages.
  • He was also against the concept of Mechanization.
  • He believed that by using machine-made Manchester cloth, Indians are only wasting their money, but instead, if they reproduce Manchester in India, they would keep their money with themselves.
  • He favored the machines that supported and reduced the burden of labor.

Additional Information 

• Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society.
  • As India is a developing country, rapid industrialization is needed in India.
  • Industrialization can help the progress of agriculture, trade, transport, and all other economic activities.
  • Rapid industrialization is important for creating employment opportunities, promoting education, training, and research. 
  • Industrial growth brings a rapid increase in the national income of the country.
• Gandhiji's famous Dandi March in March 1930 heralded the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement movement.
  • On March 12, 1930, Gandhiji set out from Sabarmati with 78 followers on a 241-mile march to the coastal town of Dandi on the Arabian Sea.
  • There, Gandhi and his supporters were to defy British policy by making salt from seawater.
  • At Dandi, thousands more followed his lead, and in the coastal cities of Bombay and Karachi, Indian nationalists led crowds of citizens in making salt.
  • Civil disobedience broke out all across India, soon involving millions of Indians, and British authorities arrested more than 60,000 people.
  • Gandhiji himself was arrested on May 5, but the satyagraha continued without him.
  • It was the start of the civil disobedience movement which commenced as Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law on the coastal town of Dandi on the Arabian Sea 
    • Dandi March is also known as Namak Satyagrah or Salt Satyagrah.
  • The Salt March was a 24-day Salt March, which was non-violent in nature, is historically significant as it led to the mass Civil Disobedience Movement.

The correct answer is Durga.

Key Points

• The Vedic period is divided into the Early Vedic period and the Later Vedic period.
• During the early Vedic period, there were mainly 33 Gods.
• They were Prithvi, Agni, Soma, Brahaspati, Rivers, Indra, Rudra, Surya, Varuna, Aditi, Usha, and Ashvin.
• Among these Indra, Agni and Varuna were the most popular during that period.
• During the later Vedic period, previous Gods lost their relevance, and now Prajapati (creator of the Universe) also known as Brahma, Vishnu, and Rudra (Shiva) become the main Gods.

The correct answer is ​Widespread discontentment among peasants against oppressive practices of Zamindars.

Key Points

• The Bengal Tenancy Act 1885 was an enactment of the Bengal British government that defined the rights of zamindars lords and their tenants in response to a widespread peasant revolt.
• It was mainly in response to widespread peasant discontent against oppressive practices of Zamindars emerging from Act X of 1859.
  • The zamindars resorted to enhanced rents beyond legal limits and prevented the tenants from acquiring occupancy rights under Act X of 1859.  
• During the 1870s and 1880s, large parts of Eastern Bengal witnessed agrarian unrest caused by oppressive practices of the zamindars, popularly referred to as Pabna Agrarian Revolt.
• To achieve their ends, the zamindars resorted to forcible evictions, seizure of cattle and crops and prolonged, costly litigation in courts where the poor peasant found himself at a disadvantage.  
• Having had enough of the oppressive regime, the peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district formed an agrarian league or combination to resist the demands of the zamindars.  
• The League organised a rent strike where the ryots refused to pay the enhanced rents, challenging the zamindars in the courts.
• Funds were raised by ryots to fight the court cases.
• The struggles spread throughout Patna and to other districts of then East Bengal. 
• The main form of struggle was that of legal resistance; there was very little violence.
• Though the peasant discontent continued to linger on till 1885, most of the cases had been solved, partially through official persuasion and partially because of zamindars' fears.
• Many peasants were able to acquire occupancy rights and resist enhanced rents. The Government also passed the Bengal Tenancy Act in 1885.
• A number of young Indian intellectuals including Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, R.C. Dutt and the Indian Association under Surendranath Banerjee supported the peasants' cause.

The correct answer is Sheel Bhadra Yajee.

Key Points

• Sheel Bhadra Yajee joined Subhas Chandra Bose to found All India Forward Bloc and actively associated with the INA movement.
• Sheel Bhadra Yajee:
  • Sheel Bhadra Yajee was a social activist from Bihar who was associated with the non-violent and violent form of the Indian independence movement.
  • Pandit Sheel Bhadra Yajee birth took on 22 March 1906 at Bhaktiyarpur village in Patna district of Bihar.
  • He was the only child of Pandit Shivtahal Yajee and Smt. Reshma Yajee.
  • Sheel Bhadra mother died when he was just 10-years-old.
  • Yajee's involvement in the freedom movement began in 1928 when, as a student, he attended the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.
  • He affixed to the Congress Socialist Party four years later and became involved in the Kisan movement.
  • Later, he came in near touch with Subhas Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi.

Additional Information

• Subhas Chandra Bose:
  • Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India.
  • His attempts during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a troubled legacy.
  • Subhash Chandra Bose was twice elected President of the Indian National Congress, (1938-Haripur and 1939-Tripuri) the country’s most important political force for freedom from the Raj or British rule.
  • Owing to political differences, he resigned from the Congress Presidentship in 1939 and organised the All India Forward Bloc a faction within the Congress in Bengal.
  • The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.
• Jai Prakash Narayan:
  • In 1948, he left the Congress Party and initiated an anti-Congress Campaign.
  • In 1952, he formed the Praja Socialist Party (PSP).
  • In 1954, he devoted his life exclusively to the Bhoodan Yajna Movement, of Vinoba Bhave, which demanded land redistribution to the landless.
  • In 1959 he argued for a “reconstruction of Indian polity” by means of a four-tier hierarchy of village, district, state, and union councils (Chaukhamba Raj).
  • He started Total Revolution: Against Indira Gandhi Regime as she was found guilty of violating electoral laws by the Allahabad High Court.
  • He advocated a program of social transformation which he termed ‘Sampoorna Kranti' (total revolution) in 1974 against corruption in public life.
• Baikunth Shukla:
  • Shaheed Baikunth Shukla was an Indian nationalist and revolutionary.
  • He was the nephew of Yogendra Shukla, one of the founders of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
  • Baikunth Shukla was hanged for murdering Traitor Phanindra Nath Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and ShivRam Rajguru.
  • Baikunth Shukla was also initiated into the freedom struggle at a young age taking an active part in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930.
  • He was associated with revolutionary organisations like the Hindustan Seva Dal and HSRA.
  • The execution of Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev in 1931 as a result of their trial in the Lahore conspiracy case was an event that shook the entire country.

The correct answer is Alwar.

• Neemuchana known as second Jallianwala massacre is situated in Alwar, Rajasthan.

Key Points

• The Neemuchana massacre of 14th May 1925 is a terrifying example of how ruthlessly and inhumanly an Indian state under British protection could deal with its agriculturists’ agitation for a genuine cause.
• It was the culmination of an ongoing confrontation between the Darbar and the present agitator in Bansoor and Thanagazi Nizamats of the Alwar state.
• Many people believe to have been killed and many more injured among the protestors at Neemuchna.
• The Neemuchana massacre is called the Jallianwala massacre of Rajasthan.

Additional Information

• Neemuchna Farmer Movement took place during the reign of Maharaja Jai Singh Alwar.
  • The reason was an increase in fine rates.
• On 14th May 1925, Farmers of Alwar Organised a Kisan Sabha in Nimuchna Village of Alwar to protest against the increase of fines.
• The Royal Army of Alwar fired on this gathering killing more than 800 farmers. Gandhiji described this massacre as the Second Dyershahi.