Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is a Cooperative multitasking operating system.

Key Points

• Cooperative multitasking operating system:
  • It is a style of computer multitasking in which the operating system never initiates a context switch from a running process to another process.
  • It is also known as non-preemptive multitasking.
  • Its role reduced down to starting the processes and letting them return control back to it voluntarily.

Additional Information

• Real-time operating system:
  • It is an operating system intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in without buffer delays.
  • A real-time system is a time-bound system that has well-defined, fixed time constraints.
  • Most RTOS uses a pre-emptive scheduling algorithm.
• Single user operating system: 
  • It is a type of system that has been developed and designed to use on a computer.
  • It is the most common system used for home computers.
  • There are two types of this operating system
  1. single-task
  2. multitask
• Multi-user operating system:
  • It is an operating system that allows multiple users to connect and operate a single operating system.
  • The users interact with it through terminals or computers.
  • Examples - Linux, Unix, Windows 2000, etc.

The most common image file formats, the most important for cameras, printing, scanning, and internet use, are JPG, TIF, PNG, and GIF. JPG is the most used image file format.

Full Form

JPG = Joint Photographic Experts Group

TIF / TIFF = Tagged Image File Format

PNG = Portable Network Graphics

GIF = Graphics Interchange Format

The correct answer is It should always begin with an = (equal) sign.

• Creating a formula in Excel
  • To create a simple formula to add, subtract, multiply or divide values in your worksheet
  • Simple formulas always start with an equal sign (=), followed by constants that are numeric values and calculation operators such as plus (+), minus (-), an asterisk(*), or forward-slash (/).
• MS-Excel
  • It is a spreadsheet program for data analysis and documentation.
  • It contains a number of rows and columns, where the intersection of a column and cell and a row is a "cell".
  • Each cell contains one point of data.
  • It is developed by Microsoft.
  • It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables.

• All Excel formulas begin with an equal to sign (=)
• After the equal symbol, you enter either a calculation or function
• For example, to add up values in cells B1 through B5, you can either:
  • Type the entire equation: = B1+B2+B3+B4+B5
  • Use the SUM function: = SUM(B1: B5)
  • Press the Enter key to complete the formula.

The correct answer is Shell.

Key Points

• Program
  • It is a collection of instructions that are executed by a computer to perform a specific task.
  • It is generally written by a computer programmer in a programming language.
• Shell
  • It is a program that interprets commands and acts as an intermediary between the user and the workings of the operating system.
  • It will give a prompt for the user to type in a command, take the command, execute it, and then waits for another command.

Additional Information

• Communications
  • Computer communications is a process, where two or more computers or devices transfer data, instructions, and information.
  • The most common examples are Email, SMS chat, Social Networks, etc.
• Thread
  • It is a single sequence stream within processes.
  • Threads are executed one after another but give the illusion as if they are executing in parallel.
• File Modification
  • It refers to modifying the file and folder and it can be only be done by the administrator for a computer or the owner of a file or folder.

The correct answer is ROM.

Key Points

• Each memory cell of a ROM chip has either a transistor for a 1 bit or none for a 0 bit.
• ROMs(Read-only memory) is used for programs that are essential parts of a computer’s operation, such as the bootstrap program that starts a computer and loads its operating system or the BIOS (basic input/output system) that addresses external devices in a personal computer (PC). 
• EPROM (erasable programmable ROM), EAROM (electrically alterable ROM), and flash memory are types of nonvolatile memories that are rewritable, though the rewriting is far more time-consuming than reading.
• They are thus used as special-purpose memories where writing is seldom necessary—if used for the BIOS, for example, they may be changed to correct errors or update features.

Additional Information

• Cache memory:
  • Cache memory, also called Cache, a supplementary memory system that temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker processing by the central processor of a computer.
  • The cache augments and is an extension of, a computer’s main memory.
  • Both main memory and cache are internal, random-access memories (RAMs) that use semiconductor-based transistor circuits.
  • The cache holds a copy of only the most frequently used information or program codes stored in the main memory; the smaller capacity of the cache reduces the time required to locate data within it and provide it to the computer for processing. 
• RAM:
  • RAM, in full random-access memory, Computer main memory in which specific contents can be accessed (read or written) directly by the CPU in a very short time regardless of the sequence (and hence location) in which they were recorded.
  • Two types of memory are possible with random-access circuits, static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM).
  • A single memory chip is made up of several million memory cells.
  • In an SRAM chip, each memory cell stores a binary digit (1 or 0) for as long as power is supplied.
  • In a DRAM chip, the charge on individual memory cells must be refreshed periodically in order to retain data.
  • Because it has fewer components, DRAM requires less chip area than SRAM; hence a DRAM chip can hold more memory, though its access time is slower.